BSC2347 Full Course Latest 2018 October

Module 01 Discussion

Needle Exchange

The incidence rate of Hepatitis C infection, the most common blood-borne infection in the United States, has more than doubled since 2004 (Zibbell, 2018). The opioid crisis in the U.S. has largely contributed to this increase because shared needles among injection drug users is the primary factor in hepatitis C transmission.

Needle exchange programs allow drug users to safely exchange used needles for little or no cost. As of 2011, 211 needle exchange programs existed in the United States (Green, 2012) and many more have been implemented since then.

In your post, address the following questions:

Are needle exchange programs effective at reducing blood-borne disease transmission?

Should more state or federal government agencies set up needle exchange facilities to help combat blood borne diseases or do they encourage the use of drugs?

Is there a better method to help combat blood borne diseases contracted through shared needles?

References

Zibbell, J. E., Asher, A. K., Patel, R. C., Kupronis, B., Iqbal, K., Ward, J. W., & Holtzman, D. (2018). Increases in Acute Hepatitis C Virus Infection Related to a Growing Opioid Epidemic and Associated Injection Drug Use, United States, 2004 to 2014. American Journal of Public Health, 108(2), 175-181.

Green, T. C., Martin, E. G., Bowman, S. E., Mann, M. R., & Beletsky, L. (2012). Life After the Ban: An Assessment of US Syringe Exchange Programs' Attitudes About and Early Experiences With Federal Funding. American Journal of Public Health, 102(5), e9-e16. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300595

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II

Module 02 Discussion

Heart Disease

According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2015), cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of deaths in the United States, equating to about 1 in every 4 deaths, even though CVD is largely preventable. Recently, various studies have shown promise with stem cell therapy treating heart disease.

Research stem cell therapy in the treatment of heart disease and the possible promises it has as a therapy. In your post, address the following questions.

Should science and healthcare professionals pursue this a treatment option for heart disease? Why or why not?

What obstacles and issues would scientists need to overcome in order for stem cell therapy to become a mainstream treatment for heart disease?

Which types of CVD could be treated with stem cell therapy?

What kind of financial/societal impacts would stem cell therapy have on the healthcare system?

Reference

CDC. (2015). Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fs_heart_disease.htm

Please make your initial post by midweek, and respond to at least one other student's post by the end of the week. Please check the Course Calendar for specific due dates.

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II

Module 03 Discussion

Blood Pressure

Hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol levels in the blood) is associated with various cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, stroke, and myocardial infarction. Research how hypercholesterolemia develops, as well as its complications.

A common treatment for hypercholesterolemia is a class of drugs called statins. In your post, address the following questions:

Are statins the best course of treatment for hypercholesterolemia in adults? Why or why not?

Should they be prescribed to adults with hypercholesterolemia with no evidence of heart disease?

Should teenagers be prescribed statins if they are diagnosed with hypercholesterolemia? Why or why not?

Is there a better solution for these situations?

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II

Module 04 Discussion

Vaccines & Science

The creation and implementation of vaccinations is one of healthcare’s greatest achievements. Vaccinations have saved countless lives and prevented the development of debilitating and life-threatening diseases such as polio, rubella, mumps, pertussis, and measles.

Despite the success and benefits vaccinations bring to public health, there has been a growing anti-vaccination trend with claims that vaccinations are dangerous and/or unnecessary. Research the claims and concerns anti-vaccination groups have and determine if there is any scientific validity to this information. Also, research current scientific literature on vaccinations and their overall benefits/risks to public health. Remember to use valid and credible references.

As an individual entering into a healthcare profession, you will need to be able to interact with patients about this issue. In your post, address the following questions:

How would you address a patient’s concerns, fears, and/or worries about vaccinations?

What scientific research would you utilize in your conversations about the benefits and need for vaccinations?

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II

Module 05 Discussion

T21

According to the CDC, smoking “leads to disease and disability and harms nearly every organ of the body” and “costs the United States billions of dollars each year” (CDC, 2018). In response to these statistics and other research, states and cities across the United States are passing laws to raise the minimum age to purchase tobacco products from 18 years of age to 21.

Perform research on the short-term and long-term effects that tobacco products have on teenagers and adults, along with the impact smoking and tobacco related products have on the healthcare system.

After your research, address the following questions in your post:

Do you think more states and cities should adopt laws and policies to raise the minimum age to purchase tobacco products from 18 years of age to 21?

Do these laws infringe on civil liberties and individual personal freedom?

What else could be done to help prevent teenagers and adults from smoking?

Reference

CDC. (2018). Smoking & Tobacco Use. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts/index.htm

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II

Module 06 Discussion

Are GM Foods more Nutritious?

Due to consumer demand, there is a growing trend in the United States for food companies to have their foods be verified to contain no GM (genetically modified) products or ingredients. Research the use of GM foods and plants within our food supply, including their pros and cons, primary use, and any possible health issues related to them.

In your post, address the following questions:

Are there advantages to the use of GM foods?

Is there a justifiable fear to consuming GM foods/ingredients within our diets or are consumers overreacting? Why or why not?

Are organic foods more nutritious and safer compared to GM foods? Why or why not?

After your research, will you change your dietary and food purchasing choices?

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II

Module 07 Discussion

Dialysis Safety

Hemodialysis (also known as “dialysis”) is a common treatment for patients with kidney disease. In the United States, more than 468,000 patients are on dialysis (NIH, 2018). Since 1993, hospitalization rates related to the process of dialysis has risen between 47-87% (CDC, 2018).

Many patients seek dialysis care at outpatient facilities that are not inspected as frequently as other healthcare facilities, like nursing homes and hospitals. For example, in California, kidney dialysis clinics are only inspected on average once every six years.

In your post, address the following questions:

Should kidney dialysis centers be held to the same safety standards as other healthcare facilities?

Are current regulations for dialysis centers strong enough?

Should more frequent inspections be required?

Are there other ways to reduce the risk of infection for dialysis patients?

References

NIH. (2018). Kidney Disease Statistics for the United States. Retrieved from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-statistics/kidney-disease

CDC. (2018). Tracking Infections in Outpatients Dialysis Facilities. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/dialysis/index.html

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II

Module 08 Discussion

Energy Drinks

Consumption of energy drinks (such as Redbull®, Monster Energy Drink®, and Rockstar®) among children, teenagers, and young adults has risen in the last decade. Emergency department visits relating to energy drink consumption has also risen (Thorlton, 2014). These drinks contain various vitamins and electrolytes, and other ingredients that alter the body’s fluid balance.

Research the effects these energy drinks have on the body and the complications associated with them. In your post, address the following questions:

How do energy drinks influence the overall electrolyte and acid-base balance of the body?

Should this multi-billion dollar industry be more highly regulated? Why or why not?

Should energy drink companies be allowed to market these products to children? Why or why not?

Should it be illegal to sell them to anyone under the age of 16? Why or why not?

Should these drinks have a warning label on them? Why or why not?

Reference

Thorlton, J., Colby, D. A., & Devine, P. (2014). Proposed actions for the US Food and Drug Administration to implement to minimize adverse effects associated with energy drink consumption. American Journal of Public Health, 104(7), 1175-1180. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301967

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II

Module 09 Discussion

Birth Control

Thanks to the Affordable Care Act, most forms of birth control are now covered by health insurance with no out-of-pocket costs, but there are limitations. Research the various methods/techniques of birth control and find statistical data on unplanned pregnancies across the United States and within your state.

In your post, address the following questions:

Are you surprised by the pregnancy rates within the United States and your state? Why or why not?

Should birth control products be free to anyone who wants to use it?

Should birth control products, such as condoms, birth control pills and patches, be readily available for teenagers without a parent's knowledge or consent? Why or why not? If so, at what age?

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II

Module 10 Discussion

End of Life Care

The right-to-die is a concept stating that a patient with terminal illness should have the choice to voluntarily end his or her life. Some see this as a humane way to die with dignity, while others condemn this idea.

Patients in the entire United States can currently choose to refuse life-saving or life-extending treatments through an advanced directive, but only a handful of states allow physician-assisted suicide. Each of these states have enacted slightly different laws, but most allow physicians to prescribe a lethal medication that a patient self-administers. Address the following questions in your post.

In your opinion, should competent adults have the right to choose physician-assisted suicide?

Should physician-assisted suicide be legal in every state?

How should we define the term “terminal illness?”

Is physician-assisted suicide ethically different than a patient refusing treatment?

Is it ethical to allow patients to suffer if they wish to end their life?

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II

Module 11 Discussion

Self-Assessment and Reflection

You made it! You’re finishing up a difficult series of A&P courses! Take a moment and reflect on how much your knowledge of human anatomy and physiology has improved.

In your post, address the following questions:

How will your increased knowledge of anatomy and physiology impact your chosen career?

Did these courses improve your ability to think critically about patient scenarios?

Is critical thinking important within your professional field?

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II

Module 01 Case Study

Question 1

Jasper is a 7-year-old boy who has had flu-like symptoms for several weeks. It was mild at first, but his parents notice that he has been getting worse. They took him to his pediatrician last week, but he was sent home with suggestions to use OTC medication to treat his symptoms while his body recovered from what appeared to be a mild infection. Jasper appears weak, has lost 3-4 pounds in the last month, and has been complaining of headaches. Jasper’s parents have now brought him back to the clinic and another physician orders a CBC.

What is a CBC? In your own words, briefly describe why it is useful.

Question 2

The physician suspects that Jasper may have leukemia. Which of the lab results most likely lead the physician to this conclusion?

Question 3

Jasper exhibits many symptoms that could relate to a diagnosis of leukemia. List and briefly explain 2 other symptoms of leukemia that are NOT mentioned in this case study.

Question 4

Because of Jasper’s age, which type of leukemia is the most likely?

Question 5

If Jasper has ALL, which of the following lab results is most likely?

Module 2 Case Study

Question 1

Rashidah is a 55-year-old female who is experiencing acute chest pain and shortness of breath. She describes the pain as “pressure and squeezing.” When she becomes nauseous and light-headed, her son insists that he take her to the emergency room.

Health History: She started smoking when she was 18, attempted to quit several times in her 40s, and had her last cigarette on her 50th birthday. She has been overweight for most of her adult life, but has gained 20 pounds in the last few years, which increased her BMI to 34. The last time she had a physical exam was when she turned 50. Her vital signs and blood test results from that exam are listed below.

BP: 178/90

HDL: 62 mg/dl

LDL: 190 mg/dl

Triglycerides: 174 mg/dl

Total cholesterol: 252 mg/dl

Fasting blood glucose: 128 mg/dl

Which of these statements is most likely ?

Answers:

Rashidah is experiencing a stroke.

If Rashidah’s symptoms persist even when she rests, she is experiencing angina.

Rashidah is likely experiencing a myocardial infarction.

Since Rashidah’s symptoms are acute, she is likely suffering from a respiratory disorder.

Question 2

In the emergency room, multiple tests are performed. Which of these results would confirm myocardial damage?

Answers:

Decrease myoglobin

Elevated troponin and creatine kinase

Elevated blood glucose levels

Increase in WBC count

Question 3

Which of Rashidah’s physical exam lab test results was within normal limits for her age and sex?

Answers:

HDL

LDL

Total cholesterol

Fasting blood glucose

Question 4

Given her last physical exam results, Rashidah’s physician believes she has likely had undiagnosed atherosclerosis for years. Briefly describe the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis.

Question 5

Rashidah’s most recent Body Mass Index indicates that she is:

Answers:

Underweight

Healthy

Overweight

Obese

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II

Module 03 Case Study

Question 1

Bonnie, a 52-year-old female, has been having some mild pain in her legs recently and is not sure if she should be concerned about it. She decides to visit her primary care physician since the pain isn’t going away. Bonnie tells her physician that the pain feels like a “general soreness or ache” and seems to be worse on the left side. Her physician notes that the left lower leg seems slightly swollen when compared to the right and feels slightly warmer than the right leg.

Bonnie has a history of smoking (1-2 packs/week in her 20s and 30s). She has a BMI of 29. She travels often to see her family that lives across the country. The only medication she has ever taken regularly was oral contraceptives. Now that she is peri-menopausal, she has been treating her symptoms with hormone replacement therapy.

Which of these statements is most likely ?

Answers:

Bonnie has deep vein thrombosis.

Bonnie’s leg pain is likely caused by shin splints.

Bonnie is likely experiencing osteoarthritis.

Bonnie is experiencing symptoms relating to peripheral neuropathy.

Question 2

Bonnie’s physician suspects DVT. Which of the following procedures would likely be used to diagnose this condition?

Answers:

Ultrasound

Blood glucose test

X-ray

Arteriogram

Question 3

Briefly define “thrombus” in your own words.

Question 4

Many of the symptoms Bonnie is experiencing could be related to cardiovascular issues, like DVT. Which of the following symptoms would also relate to that diagnosis?

Answers:

Cold extremities

Red or discolored skin on her legs

Numbness in her hands and fingers

Numbness following the S1 dermatome

Question 5

How does Bonnie’s frequent traveling relate to her diagnosis? Briefly explain this in your own words.

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II

Module 04 Case Study

Question 1

Zane, a 26-year-old male, came upon a car accident and immediately started to help the victims, who were pinned in their car. There was blood all over the scene and Zane acted without having any personal protective equipment. While helping the victims, he cut his arms in several places on the sharp metal and shards of glass. A few weeks later, he developed flu-like symptoms that persisted for several days. He went to his clinic and tested negative for influenza.

Because of his recent exposure, Zane’s doctor was suspicious of blood borne pathogens. Which of the following disorders are blood-borne diseases?

Answers:

HIV infection

Hepatitis A

Cirrhosis

Leukemia

Question 2

Lab tests confirm the presence of HIV antibodies in Zane’s blood. Briefly describe why there are antibodies present.

Question 3

Briefly define “autoimmunity” and “immunodeficiency” in your own words. Which of these conditions is Zane more likely to develop?

Question 4

During the primary HIV infection, which of the following cells decreases in number?

Answers:

T-cells

B-cells

Natural killer cells

Phagocytes

Question 5

Which of the following statements is ?

Answers:

HIV typically causes AIDs within the first year of exposure.

AIDs is caused by depletion of B-cells.

The cause of death for a patient with AIDS is usually an opportunistic infection.

HIV is treated with antibiotics.

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II

Module 05 Midterm Exam

• Question 1

What is of cellular immunity?

• Question 2

What is NOT about the breathing process?

• Question 3

What term best describes the normal amount of air that is brought into and out of the lungs during quiet or resting breathing?

• Question 4

What portion of the EKG wave pertains ventricles contracting during the cardiac cycle?

• Question 5

What term best describes the amount of air expelled from the lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort?

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II

Module 06 Case Study

Question 1

Maria, a 66-year-old female, visits her physician complaining of sudden onset abdominal pain, nausea, and diarrhea. She does not take any prescription medications, but does take aspirin each day to lower her risk of heart disease. She has no notable history of digestive system issues. Maria has a family history of pancreatitis. She is slightly obese and has been mostly sedentary since her recent retirement. Her doctor performs multiple tests and diagnoses Maria with diverticulitis.

Diverticulitis affects which digestive organ?

Answers:

Large intestine

Small intestine

Stomach

Liver

Question 2

Briefly explain, in your own words, the anatomy of diverticula. Include information about the layers of the alimentary canal.

Question 3

Diverticula may be asymptomatic for years or for a lifetime. Describe, in your own words, why diverticula may cause sudden pain.

Question 4

In addition to the symptoms Maria reported, which of these symptoms is commonly related to diverticulitis?

Answers:

Pain in the upper right quadrant

Pain in the upper left quadrant

Constipation

Vomiting

Question 5

Which part of Maria’s history is NOT a risk factor for diverticulitis?

Answers:

Aspirin regimen

Obesity

Sedentary lifestyle

Family history of pancreatitis

Module 07 Case Study

Question 1

Kelly is a 36-year-old female who has a history of type 2 diabetes, several respiratory infections as a child, and two full-term pregnancies (5 and 7 years ago). Two days ago, she began feeling a burning sensation when urinating. Her pain is progressively getting worse. Kelly assumes that she has a urinary tract infection (UTI) and makes an appointment at her primary clinic to seek relief.

A urinary tract infection could affect all of the following organs, except:

Answers:

Spleen

Kidneys

Bladder

Urethra

Question 2

Kelly’s physician orders a urinalysis. If she has a UTI, which of the following will most likely be abnormal?

Answers:

pH

Hemoglobin

Nitrates

Leukocytes

Question 3

Having female anatomy is a major risk factor for UTIs. Briefly describe, in your own words, why this is .

Question 4

Aside from being female, which other risk factor is mentioned in Kelly’s history?

Question 5

Kelly’s physician determines that her infection has reached her bladder. What is this called?

Answers:

Urethritis

Cystitis

Pyelonephritis

Ureteritis

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II

Module 08 Case Study

Question 1

Jeff is a 57-year-old male with a long history of type 1 diabetes. He takes insulin to manage his diabetes, but has been having trouble maintaining steady blood glucose levels over the last two weeks. Jeff suffered a week-long case of influenza last month, but is otherwise healthy. This morning, he began vomiting upon waking. This was followed by extreme abdominal pain and extreme thirst. He called his endocrinologist, who told him that he needs to seek emergency care.

Given Jeff’s history of type 1 diabetes, which of the following conditions is he most likely experiencing?

Answers:

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Metabolic alkalosis

Respiratory alkalosis

Diabetic alkalosis

Question 2

Diabetic ketoacidosis is a type of respiratory acidosis.

Answers:

Question 3

If Jeff has diabetic ketoacidosis, which of the following symptoms may he also be experiencing?

Answers:

Infrequent urination

Deep, rapid breathing

Lethargy

Increased salivation

Question 4

To diagnosis his condition, a blood osmolality test is ordered. An abnormally high result could point to all of the following conditions EXCEPT:

Answers:

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Stroke or head trauma

Dehydration

Oversecretion of ADH

Question 5

If Jeff has an acidic condition related to his diabetes, which of the following signs are likely to be present?

Answers:

Tachycardia and hypotension

Bradycardia and hypotension

Bradycardia and hypertension

Tachycardia and hypertension

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II

Module 09 Case Study

Question 1

Samira is a 26-year-old female with a history of intense dysmenorrhea. She experience menarche at age 11. Her menstrual cycles average 25 days in length. She has a BMI of 18. Her menstrual cycle pain had decreased over the last 3 years while she was consistently taking birth control pills. However, she is now planning her first pregnancy and has been off birth control for 6 months now. She has yet to conceive, even though she and her partner have been carefully timing intercourse and monitoring Samira’s fertility window each month. Her dysmenorrhea has returned and she has developed menometrorrhagia, along with other cyclical symptoms like diarrhea, bloating, and craving salty foods.

Samira’s physician is concerned that she may have endometriosis. Briefly explain the pathophysiology of this condition.

Question 2

Which of Samira’s symptoms is most likely NOT related to endometriosis?

Answers:

Craving salty food

Diarrhea

Dysmenorrhea

Bloating

Question 3

Why would Samira’s dysmenorrhea symptoms decrease when taking birth control pills?!

Question 4

List and briefly describe 3 risk factors Samira has for endometriosis.

Question 5

Aside from the symptoms Samira has, which of the following symptoms is also likely for women who experience endometriosis? (Select all that apply.)

Answers:

Fatigue

Pain with bowel movements

Pain with intercourse

Increased likelihood of gonorrhea

Increased risk of genital warts

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II

Module 10 Case Study

QUESTION 1

Hawa is a 26-year-old female patient with a history of infertility. She and her partner have been trying to conceive naturally for 2 years. Hawa started taking fertility medication 6 months ago to stimulate follicle development. At 21 years of age, she was diagnosed with pelvic inflammatory disease, which was treated with antibiotics. Her menstrual cycle has been unpredictable over the last 3 months, with sporadic light bleeding. During the last month, she has felt nauseous and experienced diarrhea. Yesterday, she had a sudden onset of abdominal and pelvic pain and heavy vaginal bleeding. She is concerned about the sudden change and sees her gynecologist the following day.

Hawa’s gynecologist is concerned she may be experiencing an ectopic pregnancy. Briefly describe what this means, in your own words.

QUESTION 2

There are many risk factors for ectopic pregnancies. Which risk factors does Hawa display?

QUESTION 3

Hawa’s physician explains that most ectopic pregnancies are “tubal pregnancies.” What does this mean?

Fertilization occurred outside the fallopian tube.

Implantation occurred outside the fallopian tube.

Implantation occurred within the fallopian tube.

Both ovaries released an egg into fallopian tube.

QUESTION 4

Why is it concerning for a fertilized egg to implant outside of the uterus?

QUESTION 5

If Hawa takes a pregnancy test, it will be negative because ectopic pregnancies do not produce the human chorionic gonadotropin.

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II

Module 3 Quiz

• Question 1

The cardiac conduction system causes the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart to contract at the same time, and then the left atrium and left ventricle contract at that same time?

• Question 2

The SA node can influence cardiac output?

• Question 3

Which statement is NOT ?

• Question 4

The electrocardiogram (EKG) graph/measurement is dependent upon the AV node generating the electrical impulse?

• Question 5

What statement is NOT regarding blood vessels?

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II

Module 4 Quiz

• Question 1

What is NOT regarding inflammation?

• Question 2

What is NOT of a fever?

• Question 3

What is NOT of the humoral and cellular immune defenses?

• Question 4

Phagocytes are cells that have the capability of engulfing other cells, including human and bacterial cells, along with cellular debris to digest and break down?

• Question 5

What is of the innate immune defenses?

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II

Module 6 Quiz

• Question 1

Which of the following is regarding metabolism?

Anabolism is the process of breaking down larger structures/molecules into smaller ones.

Cellular respiration is the catabolic reactions in the cells utilized to make ATP.

The most efficient production of ATP does not require oxygen.

Protein metabolism for the production of ATP produces harmful ketone bodies as a by-product.

• Question 2

The uvula is a projection of the soft palate that assists in closing off the nasopharynx during chewing and swallowing.

• Question 3

Which of the following is NOT found in gastric juices?

Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Intrinsic factor

Pepsinogen

Sodium bicarbonate ions

• Question 4

Which cell creates and secretes hydrochloric acid?

Mucous cells

Parietal cells

Chief cells

Enteroendocrine cells

• Question 5

Which of the following is regarding salvia?

It contains the digestive enzyme amylase.

It is mostly composed of nitrogen.

It contains intrinsic factor.

It plays no role in the sense of taste.

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II

Module 7 Quiz

1. Tubular secretion within urine formation is when:

2. The kidneys secrete a hormone that influences red blood cell production?

3. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is highly regulated because if GFR increases, the amount of urine output decreases?

4. Diuretics are a class of drugs that increase the activity of antidiuretic hormone?

5. What is of a nephron?

6. In healthy kidneys, what is not a common substance filtered out of the glomerulus?

1.

Site of filtrate formation.

2.

Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule.

3.

Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells.

4.

Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs

5.

) Low pressure, porous vessels that reabsorb solutes and water from the tubule cells

6.

) High pressure vessel that forces fluid and solutes into the glomerular capsule.

7.

May form meandering vessels or bundles of long straight vessels.

8.

) Play a role in urine concentration.

9.

Fenestrated vessels that allow passage of all plasma elements but not blood cells.

10.

The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________.

11.

Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle?

12.

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________.

13.

The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium.

14.

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.

15.

Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system?

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II

Module 8 Quiz

A & P II Module 8 Quiz

1. Blood pressure will increase with the increased reabsorption of sodium ions?

2. Both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia can cause and lead to cardiac arrhythmias?

3. If the carbon dioxide levels increase within the body, blood pH levels increase?

4. Metabolic alkalosis can occur from a person vomiting excessively, which will result in a decrease of blood pH levels?

5. Edema is abnormal accumulation of fluid that occurs within the cells?

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II

Module 10 Quiz

Anatomy & Physiology II Module 10 Quiz

1.This is the term given to the mass of cells that contains trophoblast cells and an inner mass of cells that implants within the endometrium:

2.What is NOT a change to a mother’s organ systems during pregnancy?

3.This stage of the delivery is when crowning occurs?

4.What best describes the umbilical vein?

5.An ectopic pregnancy occurs when the fertilized egg implants outside of the endometrium and is rarely life threatening for the mother?

MIDTERM EXAM

• Question 1

What is of cellular immunity?

• Question 2

What is NOT about the breathing process?

• Question 3

What term best describes the normal amount of air that is brought into and out of the lungs during quiet or resting breathing?

• Question 4

What portion of the EKG wave pertains ventricles contracting during the cardiac cycle?

• Question 5

What term best describes the amount of air expelled from the lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort?

• Question 6

What statement is of capillaries?

• Question 7

For inspiration to occur, intrapulmonary pressure must be higher than atmospheric pressure?

• Question 8

Coagulation is the final step in the hemostasis process?

• Question 9

As the inspiratory muscles contract, the thoracic volume increases leading to an increase of pulmonary volume, which decreases the intrapulmonary pressure.

• Question 10

Stroke volume is the measurement of:

FINAL EXAM