NR504
Week 1 Discussion Latest 2017 July
Week
1: Essentials of Leadership
3636 unread replies.119119
replies.
A leader has the ability to combine commitment
for improvement with knowledge regarding how to exercise influence and engage
support (Dickson & Tholl, 2014). In the areas of nursing and public health,
the focus is on improving health. Porter-O’Grady and Malloch (2015) noted
several major tasks of 21st-century healthcare leaders. Applying essentials of
leadership, select two (2) tasks from the following list of tasks and discuss
how you would exercise influence and engage support for each of your selected tasks.
- Deconstructing
the barriers and structures of the 20th century
- Alerting
staff about the implications of changing what they do
- Establishing
safety around taking risks and experimenting
- Embracing
new technologies as a way of doing work
- Reading
the signposts along the road to the future
- Translating
the emerging reality of health reform into language that the staff can use
- Demonstrating
personal engagement with health reform
- Helping
others adapt to the demands of a value-driven health system
- Creating
a safe milieu for the struggles and pain of changing practice and service
- Enumerating
small successes as a basis for supporting staff
NR504
Week 2 Discussion Latest 2017 July
Week
2: Leadership Whirlwind
5757 unread replies.123123 replies.
Step into a Leadership Whirlwind by clicking
on the icon below. After listening to the “Whirlwind” identify two issues and
develop a specific plan that would facilitate improvement for C.J. Your plan
requires scholarly support for the actions as well as providing C.J.
information useful for improvement.
Peer response: For the peer response, you
assume the role of C.J.’s immediate supervisor who must review and approve the
improvement plan. You need to select a peer’s initial posting, review the
suggested plan, provide feedback regarding the stated plan, and you must add
one different technique/action to improve the identified plan.
NR504 Week 3 Discussion Latest 2017 July
Week
3: Complexity Communication
2222 unread replies.113113 replies.
The following is a quote from James
Humes---“The art of communication is the language of leadership.”
Porter-O’Grady and Malloch (2015) noted the
presence of complexity communication. Critical listening, critical questioning,
and critical thinking were each identified as an element of complexity
communication. Select two of the three elements and discuss how the element
applies to leadership within healthcare and strategies to incorporate the
element as part of one’s leadership skills.
NR504
Week 4 Discussion Latest 2017 July
Week
4: Emotionally Incompetent Behaviors
7676 unread replies.118118 replies.
Emotionally incompetent behaviors can destroy
a team’s ability to achieve a specific goal. From the following list of
incompetent behaviors (Porter-O’Grady & Malloch, 2015), select one
behavior, develop a fictitious example that demonstrates the selected behavior,
and then identify two techniques
that a leader could use to help develop the individual. Scholarly support is
required.
Emotionally incompetent behaviors:
- Acting
as devil’s advocate
- Displaying
a bad attitude
- Displaying
a superior attitude
- Tolerating
errors
- Failing
to balance work and relaxation
·
NR504 Week 5 Discussion Latest 2017 July
·
Week 5: Understanding
Strategic Leadership
·
33 unread replies.104104 replies.
·
Describe the strategic leadership process and why strategic
strategies are of essence when building an organizational/agency vision and
leading change.
·
·
NR504 Week 6
Discussion Latest 2017 July
·
Week 6: Models for
Change
·
4949 unread replies.118118 replies.
·
Describe the fundamental elements of a model for change, such as
steps involved in the process, approach in mobilizing the change process, and
what is needed to sustain the results.
NR504
Week 7 Discussion Latest 2017 July
Week
7: Identifying and Associating With Professional Coalitions
2626 unread replies.116116 replies.
Involvement in interdisciplinary professional
coalition/organizations allows the healthcare professional to stay current in
their field or specialty, gain an understanding and navigate socio-political
environments, as well as contribute their ideas to their healthcare specialty.
- Research
your state’s exemptions and differences within your state regarding laws
requiring vaccinations for school-age children.
- Find
the professional coalition/organization that supports the use of vaccines
for school-age children.
- As
a group, discuss the pros and cons of the above scenario and your stance
of this controversial public health risk.
NR504
Week 8 Discussion Latest 2017 July
Week
8: You and Your Leadership Journey
1616 unread replies.8989 replies.
Week 8 has arrived and it provides an
excellent opportunity to reflect---to self reflect on your leadership journey
that started eight weeks ago. For the discussion provide a comprehensive
response to each of the following topics:
1. Based upon your learning experiences in
NR504, identify two areas
that were new to you regarding leadership and how will you use these two areas
in your future professional nursing practice area.
2. Speculate on how you could use the
leadership concepts presented in NR504 to guide your final MSN practicum project
t
NR504 Week 2 Role of Ethics Within Leadership Assignment Latest 2017 July
Role of Ethics within Leadership:
Assignment Guidelines with Scoring Rubric
Purpose:
The purpose of this assignment is to apply ethical principles to
current leadership practices within healthcare by a) explaining two ethical
principles, b) applying selected ethical principles to leadership, c)
identifying how selected ethical principles can prevent or resolve leadership
concerns, d) discussing how selected ethical principles will be incorporated
into own leadership practices, and e) communicate ideas in a clear, succinct
and scholarly manner
Course Outcomes:
Through this assignment, the student will demonstrate the
ability to:
CO #1: Analyze leadership qualities that facilitate
collaboration and cooperation at the individual, team, community, and
organizational levels within diverse healthcare settings to foster human
health. (MPH PO #1, MSN PO # 1, 7)
CO #5: Incorporate ongoing leadership character development,
values and ethical principles into a living leader role that collaborates with
and engages individuals, teams, agencies, and organizations locally as well as globally.
(MPH PO #8, MSN PO #5)
Due Date:Sunday
11:59 p.m. MT at the end of Week 2
Total Points Possible:100
Points
Requirements:
Description of the Assignment
1. In this 3-5 page paper (not including the title or reference
pages in the page count), the introduction contains a few
statements about ethical principles in general, identification oftwo ethical principles to
be used in this paper, and the sections of the paper.
2. Section One provides a definition and explanation of two
ethical principles. Each of the selected ethical principles are then applied to
leadership within any healthcare setting. Scholarly support is provided for the
definitions, explanations, and application areas.
3. Section Two presents information on how the selected ethical
principles either prevents or solves two different leadership concerns within
healthcare. Scholarly support is required
4. Section Three identifies how you will incorporate each of the
selected ethical principles into your own leadership activities within
healthcare.
5. Summary of this paper identifies key points from the
presentation as well as of insights gained (what was learned) about applying
ethical principles with leadership through writing the paper.
Criteria for Content
· Introduction includes
general comments on ethics and leadership (such defining ethics in general, how
ethics can impact leadership), identify the two ethical principles selected for
use within this assignment, and the sections of the paper. A heading is
not used.
· Section
one contains a definition and explanation of each of the
selected ethical principles. Scholarly references (no dictionaries are allowed
to be used) are required. Following the definition and explanation of each of
the required ethical principles, each principle should be applied to
leadership, in general, within any healthcare setting.
· Section
two identifies how the selected ethical principles either
prevents or solves two different leadership concerns within healthcare. For
example, nonmalificence relates to the leadership concern of high rate of
medication errors. Scholarly support is required.
· Section
three is a description of how the learner will incorporate
each of the two selected ethical principles into their own leadership
activities. This needs to be specific and can consider future leadership
opportunities
· Summary is
the conclusion of this assignment. It provides a review of key elements from
your work. The summary also identifies the ideas and understandings you have
gained regarding ethical principles and leadership from writing this paper.
Criteria for Format and Special
Instructions
1. This assignment must be submitted to TurnItIn™, as required
by the TurnItIn™ policy. A Similarity Index of “blue” or “green” must be
obtained. A score in the blue or green range indicates a similarity of less
than 24% which is the benchmark for CCN graduate nursing students. Any other
level of similarity index level requires the student to revise the assignment
before the due date and time. To allow sufficient time for revision, early
submission of the assignment to TurnItIn™ is highly encouraged. The final
submission will be graded by faculty. If a Turnitin™ report indicates that
plagiarism has occurred, the Academic Integrity policy will be followed.
2. The textbook required for this course may not be used as
a reference for this assignment.
3. The use of a dictionary to define or explain ethical
principles or leadership is not
allowedfor this assignment.
4. Lesson information from this course may not be used as a scholarly
reference.
5. A minimum of six (6) scholarly references must be used.
6. When presenting information from a published resource, past
tense verbs are required.
7. Title page, body of paper, and reference page must follow APA
guidelines as found in the 6th edition of the manual. This
includes the use of headings for each section or topic of the paper.
8. The paper (excluding the title page and references page)
should be a minimum of three (3) pages and not to exceed five (5) pages. Points
will be lost for not meeting these length requirements (too short or too long)
9. Ideas and information that come from readings must be cited
and referenced correctly.
10. Rules of grammar, spelling, word usage, and punctuation are
followed and consistent with formal written work as found in the 6th edition
of the APA manual.
NR504 Week 4 Engaging Others With Leadership Assignment Latest
2017 July
Engaging Others with Leadership:
Assignment Guidelines with Scoring Rubric
Purpose:
The purpose of this assignment is to demonstrate knowledge of
methods to successfully engage others for a specific task. Using Second Life™
to present a team-based scenario, evaluation of the interactions will identify
positive areas as well as areas which need to improve.
Course Outcomes:
Through this assignment, the student will demonstrate the
ability to:
CO #1: Analyze leadership qualities that facilitate
collaboration and cooperation at the individual, team, community, and
organizational levels within diverse healthcare settings to foster human
health. (MPH PO #1, MSN PO # 1, 7)
CO #3: Develop personal and strategic communication modalities
that foster negotiation, advocacy and positive work environments within diverse
healthcare settings. (MPH PO #9, MSN PO #3)
CO #6: Analyze techniques that foster goal-directed
decision-making that foster priority setting, innovation and dynamic
interactions within diverse healthcare settings. (MPH PO #6, MSN PO #6, 8)
Due Date:Sunday 11:59 p.m. MT at the
end of Week 4.
Total Points Possible:200 points
Requirements:
Description of the Assignment
1. In this 5-8 page paper (not including the title or references pages in the
page count), the introduction contains a few statements
regarding leadership and engaging others. One potential concern that may occur
while engaging others is noted. One potential positive outcome that may occur
while engaging others is noted. The sections of the paper are identified.
2. Section One provides an explanation of the importance of
leadership in engaging others including the role of leadership as well as
challenges facing leadership while engaging others. In addition to potential
role of teams or engaging others in the healthcare environment is presented.
Scholarly references to support the information are required.
3. Section Two focuses on an evaluation of the team ability to
accomplish tasks. The team, as presented in the scenario, should be evaluated
for each of the following elements:
· Ability to handle differences,
· Maintaining team order,
· Communication (both verbal and nonverbal), and
· Team Cohesiveness.
4. Section Three is where you assume the role of supervisor in
order to develop the team. The evaluation should include the following
elements:
· Overall summary of the discussion and team interactions as
presented in the scenario
· Discussion of one positive
action demonstrated by a team member
· Discussion of three non-productive
actions demonstrated during the scenario
· Discussion of one potential
cause for the team dysfunction
· Discussion of two actions
that can foster teams with multiple generations to work as a productive group
· Discussion of twoactions
that can foster teams with multiple disciplines to work as a group
Scholarly support for actions is required.
5. Summary of this paper identifies the key points from the
information provides as well as insights gained (what was learned) regarding
engaging others with leadership.
Criteria for Content:
1.Introductioncontains a few statements
regarding leadership and engaging others. One potential concern that may occur
while engaging others is noted. One potential positive outcome that may occur
while engaging others is noted. The sections of the paper are identified.
2.Section One provides an explanation
of the importance of leadership in engaging others including the role of
leadership as well as challenges facing leadership while engaging others. In
addition to potential role of teams or engaging others in the healthcare
environment is presented. Scholarly references to support the information are
required.
3.Section Two focuses on an
evaluation of the team ability to accomplish tasks. The team, as presented in
the scenario, should be evaluated for each of the following elements:
· Ability to handle differences,
· Maintaining team order,
· Communication (both verbal and nonverbal), and
· Team Cohesiveness.
4.Section Three focuses on team
development. This action should include the following elements:
· Overall summary of the discussion and team interactions as
presented in the scenario
· Discussion of one positive
action demonstrated by a team member
· Discussion of three non-productive
actions demonstrated during the scenario
· Discussion of one potential
cause for the team dysfunction
· Discussion of two actions
that can foster teams with multiple generations to work as a productive group
· Discussion of twoactions
that can foster teams with multiple disciplines to work as a group
· Discussion of four actions that would foster the entire
scenario team to work as a group
Scholarly support for actions is required.
5.Summary of this paper
identifies the key points from the information provides as well as insights
gained (what was learned) regarding engaging others with leadership.
Criteria for Format and Special Instructions
1. This assignment must be submitted to TurnItIn™, as required
by the TurnItIn™ policy. A Similarity Index of “blue” or “green” must be
obtained. A score in the blue or green range indicates a similarity of less
than 24% which is the benchmark for CCN graduate nursing students. Any other
level of similarity index level requires the student to revise the assignment
before the due date and time. To allow sufficient time for revision, early
submission of the assignment to TurnItIn™ is highly encouraged. The final
submission will be graded by faculty. If a Turnitin™ report indicates that
plagiarism has occurred, the Academic Integrity policy will be followed.
2. The use of a dictionary is not allowedfor this
assignment.
3. The textbook required for this course and lesson
information may
not be used as a reference for this assignment.
4. A minimum of seven (7) scholarly references must be used.
5. When presenting information from a published resource, past
tense verbs are required.
6. Title page, body of paper, and reference page must follow APA
guidelines as found in the 6th edition of the manual. This
includes the use of headings for each section or topic (except for
introduction) of the paper.
7. The paper (excluding the title page and references page)
should be at least 5 pages but not more than 8 pages long. Points will be lost
for not meeting these length requirements (too short or too long)
8. Ideas and information that come from readings must be cited
and referenced correctly.
9. Rules of grammar, spelling, word usage, and punctuation are
followed and consistent with formal written work as found in the 6th edition
of the APA manual.
10. Past tense verbs are used when presenting information from
published resources.
NR504 Week
6 Meso Level Leadership- Care Clinic Improvement Project Assignment Latest 2017
July
Meso Level Leadership Assignment: Care Clinic
Improvement Project:
Assignment Guidelines with Scoring Rubric
Purpose:
Care Clinic Scenario: The Executive Team of Care
Clinic prides itself in the care that is provided to the community of
Summerville, Florida. The Clinic is known for holistic approach to the
individuals served at the clinic as well as presenting various community
outreach programs. Annually, the Executive Team of Care Clinic reviews the
client satisfaction benchmark results related to client service and quality
indicators. The scores have substantially decreased in the past 12 months in
the categories of client satisfaction and quality care.
To assist in understanding the quality issues related to client
care occurring within the Care Clinic, you are provided with two videos of
client situations that have been recorded using Second Life. You are also
required to enter Second Life to observe actions and conversations occurring
within the Care Clinic. When viewing the videos and participating within the
Care Clinic located in Second Life, consider yourself to be the manager and
identify quality care issues consistent with decreasing client satisfaction
scores. From your leadership perspective, determine how the declining
benchmarks can be addressed and improved. Discuss the actions/changes that need
to be implemented in order to improve the satisfaction scores and attained Care
Clinic quality outcomes.
The Care
Clinic Improvement Project will need to be completed by the end ofWeek 6 of
this course and requires that each of the following areas to be addressed.
1. Identify ONE satisfaction benchmark that you will be
addressing and why this benchmark has been selected. Select the ONEclient
satisfaction benchmark from the following list:
a. Decrease in client satisfaction scores related to courtesy
and friendliness of staff at the Care Clinic.
b. Decrease in client satisfaction scores related to staff explaining
discharge instructions in a manner that is understandable to the client/client.
c. Decrease in the quality nursing care related to interventions
provided to clients at the Clinic.
2. Describe the leadership dynamics related to how the
improvement/change project will be managed.
3. Identify the change model that will be used in addressing the
selected benchmark.
4. Describe the course of action/change.
Course Outcomes
Through this assignment, the student will demonstrate the
ability to:
CO #2: Analyze goal directed leadership actions that foster
positive healthcare outcomes and effective processes at individual, community,
and global healthcare settings. (MPH PO 7, MSN PO 2)
CO #3: Develop personal and strategic communication modalities that
foster negotiation, advocacy and positive work environments within diverse
healthcare settings.(MPH PO 9, MSN PO 3)
CO #5: Incorporate ongoing leadership character development,
values and ethical principles into a living leader role that collaborates with
and engages individuals, teams, agencies, and organizations locally as well as
globally. (MPH PO 8, MSN PO 5)
Due Date:Sunday 11:59 p.m. MT at the
end of Week 6
Total Points Possible: 200
REQUIREMENTS:
Description of the Assignment
The focus of the assignmentis to address decreasing benchmark
scores regarding customer service or quality care with the use of leadership
strategies and a change model.
The following objectives will need to be addressed:
1. Provide an introductory paragraph and identify the benchmarkthat
will be addressed for this assignment; the importance of this benchmark for the
clinic’s stability; and why this benchmark has been selected. Select one
benchmark from the following list:
a. Decrease in customer service score related to courtesy and
friendliness of staff at Care Agency,
b. Decrease in customer service score related to staff explain
my discharge instructions in a way that I understand,
c. Decrease in quality care score linked to the interventions
provided at the Clinic.
2. Identify why the low scores have been attained
a. This can be a short paragraph following the introductory
paragraph as to your leadership perspective as to why the low score
occurred.Use your imagination and a systems approach as to why the low scores
have been attained versus a blaming culture. There will be no right or wrong
answer—however, it is crucial to identify why the problem has occurred to be
able to move forward in addressing the problem area.
3. Describe the leadership dynamicsrelated to how the project
will be managed, specifically
incorporating the following strategies:
a. The six values of the system leadership perspective; each
value must be described.
b. Strategic leadership foresight, visioning, partnering, and
motivating
c. Relationship based care
4. Identify the change model that will be used in addressing the
problem area.
a. Describe the elements of the change model.
b. Describe how the change model is applicable for the customer
service or quality indicator you have selected to improve for the
Clinic’sstability.
c. Describe your role as the leader in supporting the change
process.
d. What leadership skills will you utilize to lead the change
effort?
5. Describe the course of action/change.
a.Who needs
to be involved in creating change: List the key stakeholders that need to be
involved in
this change project.
b. Design the steps of the new process that will address the
gaps and improve the problem area.
6. Conclusion
a. Highlight the main points of this project—the focus,
leadership strategies used to create change, the change model used, and the
final action plan.
Criteria for Format and Special Instructions
1. This assignment must be submitted to TurnItIn™, as required
by the TurnItIn™ policy. A
Similarity Index of “blue” or “green” must be obtained. A score
in the blue or green range
indicates a similarity of less than 24% which is the benchmark
for CCN graduate nursing
students. Any other level of similarity index level requires the
student to revise the assignment
before the due date and time. To allow sufficient time for
revision, early submission of the
assignment to TurnItIn™ is highly encouraged. The final
submission will be graded by faculty.
If a Turnitin™ report indicates that plagiarism has occurred,
the Academic Integrity policy will be
followed.
2. The paper (excluding the title page and references page)
should be 8-10 pages. Points will
be lost for not meeting these length requirement.
3. Font and sizes acceptable: 12 point Times New Roman or 11
point Arial.
4. Use of the following subheadings to organize the content of
your paper:
Leadership Dynamics
Change Model
Course of Action
Conclusion
5. The textbooks required and lesson content for this
course may not be
used as a reference
for this assignment.
6. The use of a dictionary is not allowedfor this
assignment.
7. A minimum of 6 (six) scholarly references must be used.
Scholarly references need to be
current, 5-8 years or less (anonymous authors or web pages are
not acceptable).
8. Title page, body of paper, and reference page must follow APA
guidelines as found in the 6th
edition of the manual. This includes the use of headings for
each section or topic of the
paper.
9. Ideas and information that come from readings must be cited and
referenced correctly.
10. Rules of grammar, spelling, word usage, and punctuation are
followed and consistent with
formal written work as found in the 6th edition
of the APA manual.
11. Past tense verbs are used when presenting information from
published resources.
NR504 Week
7 Professional Coalition Organization PowerPoint Project Assignment Latest 2017
July
Professional
CoalitionProject: Assignment Guidelines
with
Scoring Rubric
Purpose:
Involvement in interdisciplinary coalitions allows the
healthcare leaderto gain an understanding regarding navigating socio-political
environments as well as providing macro leadership within a broader community
setting. The purpose of this project is to build and provide leadership to a
coalition that addresses a healthcare concern. Leadership skills at the
macro-level will be applied.
Course Outcomes:
CO #1: Analyze leadership qualities that facilitate
collaboration and cooperation at the individual, team, community, and
organizational levels within diverse healthcare settings to foster human
health. (MPH PO #1, MSN PO # 1, 7)
CO #5: Incorporate ongoing leadership character development,
values and ethical principles into a living leader role that collaborates with
and engages individuals, teams, agencies, and organizations locally as well as
globally. (MPH PO #8, MSN PO #5)
Due Date:Sunday 11:59 PM MT at the end
of Week 7
Total Points Possible:125 Points
REQUIREMENTS:
Description of the Identified Healthcare Concern
You are the Vice-President of Nursing Services at a 500 bed
facility that provides healthcare to a 6 county region that occurs in two
different but adjoining states. Recently you attended a national conference
regarding infectious diseases and the potential for their spread with our
current global environment. Upon return from the conference, you have a
conversation with a local public health official who identifies that there is
no regional plan to combat an infectious disease outbreak. In addition, the official
noted the presence of several barriers which will make the development of a
plan more of a challenge. These include, but are not limited to:
· Identification of a plan that would cover a large region and a
diverse population of approximately one million people
· Identification of a plan that could be coordinated from one
facility, but interact successfully with 6 different counties and two different
state governments
· The presence of a regional airport which increases the
opportunity for introducing an infectious disease to the region
From the conversation, you realize that a coalition will be
needed and that macro leadership skills are required for the coalition to be
successful. You now accept the challenge to build a coalition within the region
to develop a plan that would resist a sudden outbreak of an infectious illness.
Description of the Assignment
The purpose of this project will be to address a healthcare
concern occurring within a community by providing macro level leadership needed
to build a coalition. The identified coalition will seek to resolve the
healthcare concern.
· This assignment will be presented via PowerPoint and will
include 15 – 20 slides (excluding
title and references slides).
· Introduction provides
information regarding:
o Introductory slide(s) provided ALL of the following:
o Definition of macro-leadership
o Definition of coalitions
o Explanation why a coalition would be helpful in resolving this
identified healthcare concern.
· Section
One identifies macro-leadership skills and requires
information related to each of the
following areas:
o Explain the difference between micro and macro leadership.
o Explain how a macro leader demonstrates:
§ Mastery of self
§ Mastery of communication
§ Mastery of relationships
o Explain how a macro-leader can overcome one disadvantage to
using coalitions
· Section
Two discusses the coalitions in general by including the
following information:
o How will you pool available local and state resources?
o How will you foster communication with individuals living in
the region as well as local and state governments?
o How will you maintain the energy of the coalition members?
o How will you convince members to work together and avoid turf
issues?
· Section
Three presents the specific coalition that you will
suggest in order to resolve the identified healthcare concern. The following
information is required:
o What will be your vision statement for the coalition?
o How many individuals will you have on the steering committee
for the coalition?
o What type of individuals would you recruit for steering
committee membership?
o How will the coalition interact with local and state
governments to develop an acceptable plan?
o How will you evaluate the effectiveness of the coalition?
· Conclusion provides
a summary of the key points from the presentation as well as of
insights gained (what was learned) regarding macro leadership.
Criteria for Format and Special Instructions
1. The PowerPoint Presentation (excluding the Title slide and
References slide) should equal
15–20PowerPoint slides. Points will be lost for not meeting
these length requirements.
2. Speaker notes are required. These notes should expand the
information found on the slide.
3. References are to be cited in the Speaker notes
4. This assignment must be submitted to TurnItIn™, as required
by the TurnItIn™ policy. A
Similarity Index of “blue” or “green” must be obtained. A score
in the blue or green range
indicates a similarity of less than 24% which is the benchmark
for CCN graduate nursing
students. Any other level of similarity index level requires the
student to revise the
assignment before the due date and time. To allow sufficient
time for revision, early
submission of the assignment to TurnItIn™ is highly encouraged.
The final submission will
be graded by faculty. If a Turnitin™ report indicates that
plagiarism has occurred, the
Academic Integrity policy will be followed.
5. The textbooks required and lesson information for this
course may not be
used as areference for
this assignment.
4. A minimum of 5 (five) scholarly references must be used.
Scholarly references need to be current, 5years or less (anonymous authors or
web pages are not acceptable).
5. Must follow APA guidelines as found in the 6th edition
of the manual. Ideas and information that come from readings must be cited and
referenced correctly.
6. Rules of grammar, spelling, word usage, and punctuation are
followed and consistent with formal written work as found in the 6th edition
of the APA manual.