NU621 Final Exam Latest 2021

Question 1  The type of immunity produced by an individual after either natural exposure to the antigen or after immunization against the antigen is:

Answers:

Passive-acquired immunity

Active-acquired immunity

Passive-innate immunity

Active-innate immunity

Question 2Which statement is a description of the characteristics of apoptosis?

Answers:            

Programmed cell death of scattered, single cells

Characterized by swelling of the nucleus and cytoplasm

Unpredictable patterns of cell death

Results in benign malignancies

Question 3  The effects of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion include:

Answers:

Solute retention and water retention

Solute retention and water loss

 Solute dilution and water retention

Solute dilution and water loss

Question 4  Hypersensitivity is best defined as a(an):  

Answers:

 Disturbance in the immunologic tolerance of self-antigens

Immunologic reaction of one person to the tissue of another person

 Altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease

Undetectable immune response in the presence of antigens

Question 5  The most common cause of pulmonary edema is:

Answers:

 Right heart failure.

 Left heart failure.

Mitral valve prolapse.

Aortic stenosis.

Question 6  A fulminant form of respiratory failure characterized by acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury is known as:

Answers:            

Acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Pneumonia.

Pulmonary emboli.

 Acute pulmonary edema.

Question 7  Factors that place patients at HIGH RISK for developing colorectal cancer include:

Answers:

 High fiber, low fat diet.

Use of NSAIDS

Postmenopausal estrogen use.

 Irritable bowel disease

Question 8  A 40 year old African American woman presents with chest pain and dyspnea. The workup reveals a microcytic anemia and a low reticulocyte count. The most likely diagnosis is:

Answers:

 Thalassemia.

Lead toxicity.

 Iron deficiency

Vitamin B12 deficiency.

Question 9  Preload is:

Answers:

 Resistance to the ejection of blood from the left ventricle.

Wall tension that is related to internal blood vessel radius.

 Lower tension curve than normal—a major characteristic.

Pressure generated by the end-diastolic volume.

Question 10  Chemical mediators that induce pain during an inflammatory response include:

Answers:

 Tryptase and bradykinin

Leukotrienes and prostaglandins

 Prostaglandins and bradykinin

Phospholipase and tryptase.

Question 11  Symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) are a result of which pathophysiologic condition?

 Answers:

 Infection of the prostate

Obstruction of the urethra

 Compression of the urethra

Ischemia of the urethra

Question 12  The blood cell that carries the carbohydrate antigens for blood type is:

Answers:

 Platelets

Neutrophils

Lymphocytes

 Erythrocytes

Question 13  The type of antibody involved in Type I hypersensitivity reaction is:  

Answers:

 IgA

 IgE

IgG

IgM

Question 14  An allele with an observable effect is referred to as:

 Answers:

 Homozygous

Heterozygous

 Dominant

Recessive

Question 15  Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C have a common mode of transmission, which is:

Answers:

 Fecal

Oral

 Parenteral

Fecal-oral and sexual

Question 16  A patient who is diagnosed with a closed head injury has a urine output of 6 to 8 L/day. Electrolytes are within normal limits, but his antidiuretic hormone (ADH) level is low. Although he has had no intake for 4 hours, no change in his polyuria level has occurred. These symptoms support a diagnosis of:

Answers:            

Neurogenic diabetes insipidus

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone

Psychogenic polydipsia

Osmotically induced diuresis

 Question 17  The echocardiogram you obtained on a 65 year old female revealed characteristics of Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy. The pathophysiology that explains her symptoms of syncope, dyspnea, and worsening fatigue include:

Answers:

Absence of heart murmurs.

Ectatic aorta

Hypertrophied interventricular septum

Large pericardial effusion

Question 18  A patient’s blood gases reveal the following findings: pH, 7.3; bicarbonate (HCO3) 27 mEq/L; carbon dioxide (CO2), 58 mm Hg. This patient has:

Answers:

 Respiratory alkalosis

 Respiratory acidosis

Metabolic alkalosis

Metabolic acidosis

Question 19  During cell injury caused by hypoxia, an increase in the osmotic pressure occurs within the cell because:

Answers:

 Plasma proteins enter the cell.

The adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)–driven pump is stronger during hypoxia.

Sodium chloride leaves the cell.

 Calcium and water enter the cell and disrupt protein synthesis.

 

Question 20  Which statement is true regarding chromosomes?

Answers:

There are three cell types.

The somatic cell contains 46 chromosomes.

Gametes are diploid cells.

Diploid cells are formed through meiosis.

Question 21  What is usually the first clinical manifestation of breast cancer?

Answers:

 Nipple dimpling

Nipple discharge

Enlargement of one breast

 Painless lump

Question 22  The clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, and coma in hypernatremia are due to:

Answers:            

High sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells into the blood vessels, causing brain cells to shrink.

High sodium in the brain cells pulls water out of the blood vessels into the brain cells, causing them to swell.

High sodium in the blood vessels pulls potassium out of the brain cells, which slows the synapses in the brain.

High sodium in the blood vessels draws chloride into the brain cells followed by water, causing the brain cells to swell.

Question 23  The most successful treatment for chronic asthma is:

Answers:

 Broad-spectrum antibiotics.

Drugs that reduce bronchospasm.

 Drugs that decrease airway inflammation.

Avoidance of the causative agent.

Question 24  Which statement is true regarding protein synthesis?

Answers:            

Protein synthesis takes place in the cytoplasm.

DNA is replicated in the cytoplasm.

 

RNA is double-stranded.

RNA contains the same bases as DNA.

Question 25  The mechanism that results in type II hypersensitivity reactions is:

Answers:

 Antibodies coat mast cells by binding to receptors that signal its degranulation, followed by a discharge of preformed mediators.

Antibodies bind to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids, and the immune complexes are then deposited in the tissues.

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes or lymphokine-producing helper T 1 cells directly attack and destroy cellular targets.

 Antibodies bind to the antigens on the cell surface.

Question 26  When antigens are administered to produce immunity, different routes of administration are considered because:

Answers:

 Different routes allow the speed of onset of the antigen to be varied, with the intravenous route being the fastest.

Some individuals appear to be unable to respond to an antigen by a specific route, thus requiring the availability of different routes for the same antigen.

Antigen-presenting cells are highly specialized and thus require stimulation by different routes.

 Each route stimulates a different lymphocyte-containing tissue, resulting in different types of cellular and humoral immunity.

Question 27  The Frank-Starling Law is based on the relationship of:

 Answers:

Resting sarcomere length to end-diastolic volume.

Tension generation and left ventricular pressure.

Resting sarcomere length to tension generation.

Tension generation and diastolic filling pressure.

Question 28  Factors which create an environment that promotes thrombus formation, known as Virchow’s triad, include:

Answers:

Hypercoagulability, hypervolemia, hypertension.

Hypercoagulability, stasis, endothelial damage.

Hypercoagulability, vasoconstriction, hypotension.

Peripheral edema, pain, fever.

 

Question 29  Free radicals cause cell damage by:

Stealing the cell’s oxygen to stabilize the electron, thus causing

Stimulating the release of lysosomal enzymes that digest the cell membranes

Transferring one of its charged, stabilized atoms to the cell membrane, which causes lysis

 Giving up an electron, which causes injury to the chemical bonds of  the cell membrane

Question 30  When examining a new patient, you discover impaired vibratory sense as well as spastic weakness. The patient also reports paresthesia in the fingers and toes. Labs reveal a hemoglobin of 10. You suspect that the diagnosis for this patient is:

Answers:            

Vitamin B12 deficiency.

Folate deficiency.

Sickle cell disease.

Aplastic anemia.