NURS4325 Research Article Critique, Part Two

Noya, C.E., Chesla, C., Waters, C., &Alkon, A. (2020). Shared medical appointments: An in-novative model to reduce health

disparities among Latinxs with type-2 diabetes. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 42, 117-124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945919845677

1. What sampling method or plan was used by the authors in this study?

A)           Simple random sampling

B)            Cluster sampling

C)            Matched control sampling

D)           Convenience sampling

2. According to Grove & Gray (2019), what are the potential biases of convenience sampling?

A)           This is a strong probability sampling method with very little potential for bias.

B)            This method is used when an ordered list of all members of the population are available, and provides a random but not equal chance for inclusion in the study.

C)            This method provides little opportunity to control for bias because subjects are included in the study merely because they happen to be in the right place at the right time.

D)           This method is specific to the individuals who were recruited and the information gained cannot be generalized to others who don't share these types of experiences.

E)            None of the above biases best describe convenience sampling.

3. What was the final sample size reported by the authors for this study?

A)           30 participants

B)            60 participants

C)            90 participants

D)           Unknown/cannot be determined

4. Was a power analysis conducted? If so, which statement best describes the results of the power analysis?

A)           No. A power analysis was not conducted.

B)            Yes. A power analysis was conducted which showed that a sample of 84 was required.

C)            Yes. A power analysis was conducted which showed that a sample of 90 was required.

D)           It is unknown whether or not a power analysis was conducted.

5. Which of these statements would be considered to be specific inclusion criterion for the sample in the research article? (select all that apply)

A)           Spanish speaking

B)            Attend at least three sessions

C)            Over 18 years of age

D)           Have diabetes type 2

E)            Read and write English

6. Which of these statements would be considered to be an exclusion criterion specifically identified by the author for the sample in the research article?

A)           Unable to speak Spanish

B)            Less than 18 years of age

C)            Unable to read and write English

D)           No exclusion criteria were mentioned by the authors

7. What is the acceptance rate for this study? (Hint: see page 232 in your text)

A)           40 out of 55 for a rate of 72%

B)            40 out of 55 for a rate of 70%

C)            30 out of 40 for a rate of 75%

D)           30 out of 55 for a rate of 60%

8. Which of the following would be accurate for the attrition rate for this study?

A)           0 out of 40 for a rate of 0%

B)            5 out of 40 for a rate of 12.5%

C)            10 out of 40 for a rate of 25%

D)           15 out of 40 for a rate of 37.5%

9. What was the setting for this research study? Briefly describe the setting and indicate whether it was appropriate for conducting this study.

A)           The setting for this study was a natural or field setting and was appropriate for this study's research design.

B)            The setting for this study was a highly controlled setting and was appropriate for this study's research design.

C)            The setting for this study was not well described by the authors and therefore not appropriate for conducting this study.

D)           The setting for this study was a partially controlled setting and was appropriate for this study's research design.

10. Which of these questionnaires, scales, or physiologic measures are used in this research study?

A)           SPSS 19

B)            LDL

C)            Geriatric Depression Scale

D)           Bandura Self-Efficacy Scale

11. What do the authors mention concerning the reliability of the demographic and outcome data?

A)           They assessed test retest reliability.

B)            The diabetes registry system was verified by two analysts.

C)            They used Cronbach’s alpha to assess reliability.

D)           They do not mention reliability of demographic or outcome data.

12. What steps did the authors take to assure the precision of the blood pressure measurements?

A)           The blood pressure cuffs were calibrated.

B)            The authors measured test retest reliability.

C)            The data collectors were trained by the primary researcher.

D)           The authors measured inter-rater reliability.

13. What type of data collection was done in this research study?

A)           The authors obtained outcome and demographic data from the medical record.

B)            The authors developed their own questions to ask about demographic information prior to the shared medical appointment.

C)            Interviews were reportedly used, but the authors do not explain what was included in them.

D)           The authors used previously developed questionnaires or surveys and modified to reflect their purposes.

14. Were any physiological measurements collected from the subjects for the purpose of this study?

A)           Yes

B)            No

15. Which of the following best describe the recruitment process used in this study?

(Select all that apply.)

A)           Participants were recruited by phone calls.

B)            Participants were given the questionnaires on enrollment in the study

C)            Questionnaires / surveys were mailed to the prospective returned in a self-addressed stamped envelope.

D)           Participants were referred by primary care providers.

E)            Participants were recruited by flyers.

16. Based on the study's data collection methods, If there were more than one data collector, would an estimation of inter-rater reliability be an important concept for the authors to report on for this study?

A)           yes, and the authors reported their efforts to achieve inter-rater reliability.

B)            yes, but the authors do not discuss any efforts to achieve inter-rater reliability.

C)            no, the issue of inter-rater reliability does not apply here.

17. What descriptive statistics are used in this study?

(Select all that apply.)

A)           mean

B)            median

C)            frequencies

D)           standard deviation

E)            z-scores

18. What inferential statistics were used to examine the data obtained from the subjects?

(Select all that apply.)

A)           Pearson correlations

B)            Factor Analysis

C)            t-Test

D)           Chi-Square

E)            ANCOVA

F)            ANOVA

G)           Linear regression equations

19. What is the level of significance (alpha) set at for this study?

A)           .001 or 0.1%

B)            .01 or 1%

C)            .05 or 5%

D)           an alpha level or level of significance chosen by the authors was not specifically mentioned in the text  of the article and cannot be inferred.

20. There are several statistically significant findings in this study. Which of these statements from the article would be considered a significant and predicted results?

(Select all that apply.)

A)           The mean age of the sample was 53 years ± 12.3 years.

B)            There was a difference in the percentage of participants who achieved the target A1C goal at 6 months post-intervention for the SMA participants (59%) versus the control group participants (31%); χ 2 (1) = 4.462, p = .03).

C)            There was a reduction of A1C by 0.55% (b = −0.55, t = −1.48, p = .14) from baseline to 3 months.

D)           Intent-to-treat analysis revealed that the reductions of A1C were greater in the intervention group at 6 months (b = −0.81, t = −2.46, p = .02).

21. Which of these statements from the article would be considered non-significant results?

(select all that apply)

A)           There was a difference in the percentage of participants who achieved the target A1C goal at 6 months post-intervention for the SMA participants (59%) versus the control group participants (31%); χ 2 (1) = 4.462, p = .03

B)            There was a reduction of A1C by 0.55% (b = −0.55, t = −1.48, p = .14) from baseline to 3 months.

C)            Intent-to-treat analysis revealed that the reductions of A1C were greater in the intervention group at 6 months (b = −0.81, t = −2.46, p = .02).

D)           Sixty-five percent of SMA participants compared with 50% of control group participants had on-target LDL values at 6 months, (χ 2 (df) = 1.66(1), p = .11).

22. Which one of these statements from the article would be considered clinically important?

A)           This study demonstrated that underserved Latinxs enrolled in the ALDEA program … were able to achieve A1C goals in greater numbers compared with those who received UPC.

B)            The mean age of the sample was 53 years ± 12.3 years.

C)            There were no statistically significant differences in mean A1C values at baseline, 3 month or 6 months between ALDEA SMA and UPC participants.

D)           The majority of the participants in the intervention group (90%) and in the control group (89%) had on-target BP values at 6 months, χ 2 (df) = 0.045(1), p = .832

23. Which statements below implied from the article would be considered a limitation of the study?

(Select all that apply.)

A)           Self-selection in the ALDEA SMA program may have favorably influenced the results.

B)            The treatment and control groups were from the same clinic.

C)            This intervention was implemented at a single site with a relatively homogeneous population.

D)           This team was small and included a nurse practitioner, nurse practitioner students, a volunteer nurse, and a medical assistant.

24. Which one of these statements would be considered a statement regarding generalization of these results?

A)           Self-selection in the ALDEA SMA program may have favorably influenced the results.

B)            The treatment and control groups were from the same clinic.

C)            This intervention was implemented at a single site with a relatively homogeneous population.

D)           This team was small and included a nurse practitioner, nurse practitioner students, a volunteer nurse, and a medical assistant.

25. Which one of these statements from the article would be considered a recommendation for future studies?

A)           Considering the study was underpowered, evidence of this model provides the foundation for designing a more rigorous, prospective randomized trial in the future.

B)            ALDEA SMA participants achieved overall goals well above national trends both for Latinxs and for the NHANES sample, suggesting the importance and relevance of culturally tailoring an intervention, such as ALDEA SMA, that is culturally specific.

C)            To our knowledge, this study with a matched control group is among the first to document the impact of a culturally adapted SMA model to improve glycemic control among low-income, Spanish-speaking Latinxs living with type 2 diabetes.

D)           The prevalence of adults with type 2 diabetes that meet the A1C, BP, and LDL recommendations in the United States vary by ethnicity.