Module 01 Discussion - Needle ExchangeThe incidence rate of Hepatitis C infection, the most common blood-borne
infection in the United States, has more than doubled since 2004 (Zibbell,
2018). The opioid crisis in the U.S. has largely contributed to this increase
because shared needles among injection drug users is the primary factor in
hepatitis C transmission.
Needle exchange programs allow drug users to safely exchange used
needles for little or no cost. As of 2011, 211 needle exchange programs existed
in the United States (Green, 2012) and many more have been implemented since
then.
In your post, address the following questions:
·
Are needle exchange programs effective at reducing blood-borne disease
transmission?
·
Should more state or federal government agencies set up needle exchange
facilities to help combat blood borne diseases or do they encourage the use of
drugs?
·
Is there a better method to help combat blood borne diseases contracted
through shared needles?
rasmussen
MA279/BSC2347 module 1 case study
QUESTION 1
Jasper is a 7-year-old boy who has had flu-like
symptoms for several weeks. It was mild at first, but his parents notice that
he has been getting worse. They took him to his pediatrician last week, but he
was sent home with suggestions to use OTC medication to treat his symptoms
while his body recovered from what appeared to be a mild infection. Jasper
appears weak, has lost 3-4 pounds in the last month, and has been complaining
of headaches. Jasper’s parents have now brought him back to the clinic and
another physician orders a CBC.
What is a CBC? In your own words, briefly describe
why it is useful.
Path: pWords:0
1 points
QUESTION 2
The physician suspects that Jasper may have
leukemia. Which of the lab results most likely lead the physician to this
conclusion?
Abnormal WBC count
Normal RBC count
High hemoglobin level
High platelet count
1 points
QUESTION 3
Jasper exhibits many symptoms that could relate to
a diagnosis of leukemia. List and briefly explain 2 other symptoms of leukemia
that are NOT mentioned in this case study.
Path: pWords:0
1 points
QUESTION 4
Because of Jasper’s age, which type of leukemia is
the most likely?
Acute lymphocytic leukemia
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Chronic myelogenous leukemia
Hairy cell leukemia
1 points
QUESTION 5
If Jasper has ALL, which of the following lab
results is most likely?
High immature lymphocyte count
Low neutrophil count
Low eosinophil count
High platelet count
1 points
QUESTION 6
What is the most common type of childhood leukemia?
In your own words, briefly describe the pathophysiology of the disease.
Path: pWords:0
1 points
QUESTION 7
Which of these tests would NOT be helpful in
diagnosing leukemia?
Peripheral blood smear
CT scan
Bone marrow biopsy
Bone density scan
1 points
QUESTION 8
In your own words, briefly describe the difference
between myelogenous and lymphocytic leukemia.
Path: pWords:0
1 points
QUESTION 9
Which of the following is NOT a treatment option
for ALL?
Chemotherapy
Surgery
Bone marrow/stem cell transplants
Radiation therapy
1 points
QUESTION 10
Assuming that Jasper has the most common type of
childhood leukemia, what is his prognosis?
Path: pWords:0
1 points
QUESTION 11
Elsa is an 11-month-old girl. Her parents have
brought her to her pediatrician because they have noticed she seems lethargic
and pale. Both parents have noticed that she appears bloated, doesn’t want to
eat as much as she has before, and is tired and “cranky all the time.” They
suspected she might be suffering from anemia, since she was being fed a
low-iron formula, so they had switched to a high-iron formula. The change made
no difference in her symptoms. The pediatrician notes that Elsa’s belly appears
swollen. Her vital signs show that her temperature is normal and her heart rate
is on the low end of the normal range for her age. She has dropped from the
50th percentile in height and weight (at her last check-up) to the 10th
percentile in both height and weight.
Blood test results:
Hemoglobin: 5 g/dl
RBC: 4.6x106 cells/ml
MCV: 65
WBC 15,000 cells/ml
Platelet count: 250,000
Which of Elsa’s symptoms is NOT typical of anemia
in infants?
Paleness
Tiredness
Slow heart rate
Loss of appetite
1 points
QUESTION 12
In your own words, briefly describe why Elsa’s
parents changed her formula to the high-iron baby formula.
Path: pWords:0
1 points
QUESTION 13
Which of her blood test results is within normal
range?
Hemoglobin
Red blood cell count
Mean corpuscular volume
White blood cell count
1 points
QUESTION 14
Elsa’s blood sampled was analyzed under a
microscope and it was determined that her red blood cells were “hypochromatic”
and “microcytic.” Explain, in your own words, what these terms mean.
Path: pWords:0
1 points
QUESTION 15
Elsa’s pediatrician suspects that she has
thalassemia. Which of the following statements is true of thalassemia?
Thrombocytes tend to “stick together” and form blood clots.
Thalassemia is always caused by diet and environmental factors, not genetic
makeup.
Thalassemia is also known as erythroblastic anemia and involves a reduced
amount of hemoglobin in the blood.
Thalassemia is a type of hemophilia and is often hereditary in females.
1 points
QUESTION 16
In your own words, explain why hemoglobin is
important in hematology.
Path: pWords:0
1 points
QUESTION 17
It is determined that Elsa is experiencing
beta-thalassemia major. Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding
this diagnosis?
The cause of beta-thalassemia is genetic.
Beta-thalassemia major is a grave condition and has a high mortality rate.
Beta-thalassemia major is often treated with blood transfusions.
Because beta-thalassemia is an x-linked trait, it affects males more often than
females.
1 points
QUESTION 18
Because Elsa has received a confirmed diagnosis of
beta-thalassemia major, which of the following statements is true about her
parents?
Only her mother carried the gene that caused her blood disorder.
Only her father carried the gene that caused her blood disorder.
If her parents have another child naturally, there is a 100% chance that the
second child will be diagnosed with beta-thalassemia major.
If her parents have another child naturally, there is a 25% chance that the
second child will be diagnosed with beta-thalassemia major.
1 points
QUESTION 19
As Elsa gets older, which of the following choices
is NOT a likely complication of her disorder?
Splenomegaly
Gallstones
Cirrhosis
Decreased gastrointestinal iron absorption
1 points
QUESTION 20
In your own words, briefly describe how thalassemia
is related to Elsa’s failure to thrive.
Path: pWords:0
1 points
Module 02 Discussion - Heart Disease
According
to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2015), cardiovascular disease
(CVD) is the leading cause of deaths in the United States, equating to about 1
in every 4 deaths, even though CVD is largely preventable. Recently, various
studies have shown promise with stem cell therapy treating heart disease.
Research
stem cell therapy in the treatment of heart disease and the possible promises
it has as a therapy. In your post, address the following questions.
- Should
science and healthcare professionals pursue this a treatment option for
heart disease? Why or why not?
- What
obstacles and issues would scientists need to overcome in order for stem
cell therapy to become a mainstream treatment for heart disease?
- Which
types of CVD could be treated with stem cell therapy?
- What
kind of financial/societal impacts would stem cell therapy have on the
healthcare system?
Reference
MA279/BSC2347
MODULE 2 CASE STUDY
QUESTION 1
Rashidah is a 55-year-old female who is experiencing acute
chest pain and shortness of breath. She describes the pain as “pressure and
squeezing.” When she becomes nauseous and light-headed, her son insists that he
take her to the emergency room.
Health History: She started smoking when she was 18,
attempted to quit several times in her 40s, and had her last cigarette on her
50th birthday. She has been overweight for most of her adult life, but has
gained 20 pounds in the last few years, which increased her BMI to 34. The last
time she had a physical exam was when she turned 50. Her vital signs and blood
test results from that exam are listed below.
BP: 178/90
HDL: 62 mg/dl
LDL: 190 mg/dl
Triglycerides: 174 mg/dl
Total cholesterol: 252 mg/dl
Fasting blood glucose: 128 mg/dl
Which of these statements is most likely correct?
Rashidah
is experiencing a stroke.
If
Rashidah’s symptoms persist even when she rests, she is experiencing angina.
Rashidah
is likely experiencing a myocardial infarction.
Since
Rashidah’s symptoms are acute, she is likely suffering from a respiratory
disorder.
1 points
QUESTION 2
In the emergency room, multiple tests are performed. Which
of these results would confirm myocardial damage?
Decrease
myoglobin
Elevated
troponin and creatine kinase
Elevated
blood glucose levels
Increase
in WBC count
1 points
QUESTION 3
Which of Rashidah’s physical exam lab test results was
within normal limits for her age and sex?
HDL
LDL
Total
cholesterol
Fasting
blood glucose
1 points
QUESTION 4
Given her last physical exam results, Rashidah’s physician
believes she has likely had undiagnosed atherosclerosis for years. Briefly
describe the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis.
Path: pWords:0
1 points
QUESTION 5
Rashidah’s most recent Body Mass Index indicates that she
is:
Underweight
Healthy
Overweight
Obese
1 points
QUESTION 6
Which of the following statements is true?
Rashidah’s
lab results and history tell us that she has Metabolic Syndrome.
Rashidah’s
heart attack was likely caused by a pulmonary embolism.
Rashidah’s
heart attack was likely unrelated to her history of smoking.
Rashidah’s
risk of a repeat heart attack is very low.
1 points
QUESTION 7
A coronary angiography is performed and shows a complete
blockage of the LAD. Briefly describe what this means.
Path: pWords:0
1 points
QUESTION 8
Which of the following treatments would help correct
Rashidah’s condition?
Surgical
placement of a stent in the left descending artery
Surgical
repair of her aorta
Mitral
valve replacement
Vitamin
K supplementation
1 points
QUESTION 9
Rashidah quit smoking 5 years ago, but still suffered a
myocardial infarction. She is tempted to start smoking again since quitting
“obviously didn’t make me healthier.” What does research tell us about her
future health risks if she resumes smoking?
Path: pWords:0
1 points
QUESTION 10
Before Rashidah is discharged from the hospital, her care
team informs her that she may experience stable angina, a form of chest pain,
in the future. Briefly explain how angina is different from the pain associated
with a myocardial infarction.
Path: pWords:0
1 points
QUESTION 11
Roberto is a 78-year-old male who has recently been
diagnosed with Class III Congestive Heart Failure (CHF). His physician told him
that his left ventricle has become stiff and cannot relax. Although there is no
current treatment that can “fix” Roberto’s condition, he is prescribed two
medications- an ACE inhibitor and beta blockers.
There are multiple types of CHF. Which of these types does
Roberto have?
Systolic
heart failure
Diastolic
heart failure
Right-sided
heart failure
None
of these choices is correct.
1 points
QUESTION 12
Which of these statements is most likely true of Roberto’s
current symptoms?
He
doesn’t experience any symptoms at all at rest or during exercise.
He
has no symptoms at all during rest, but experiences palpitations, fatigues, and
shortness of breath during mild exercise.
He
experiences fatigue, shortness of breath, and palpitations at rest and is not
able to participate in any physical activity.
1 points
QUESTION 13
Because of the dysfunction of Roberto’s left ventricle,
which of these findings is most likely?
Decreased
cardiac output
End-diastolic
volume is increased significantly
Decreased
diastolic pressure in the left ventricle
Increase
in stroke volume
1 points
QUESTION 14
Briefly describe how beta-blockers will influence Roberto’s
heart function, specifically the physiology of the ventricles.
Path: pWords:0
1 points
QUESTION 15
Briefly describe how ACE-inhibitors will influence Roberto’s
heart function.
Path: pWords:0
1 points
QUESTION 16
Roberto’s doctor orders several tests of his heart function,
including “ejection fraction.” Briefly explain what an ejection fraction
measures. (Include what a normal measurement would be.)
Path: pWords:0
1 points
QUESTION 17
Which of the following conditions may have led to Roberto’s
CHF?
Faulty
heart valves
Hypertension
Myocarditis
Prior
heart attacks
All
of these choices are correct.
1 points
QUESTION 18
Which of the following choices is NOT a risk factor for
developing CHF?
Sleep
apnea
Obesity
Heart
arrhythmias
History
of leukemia
1 points
QUESTION 19
Which heart valve opens to allow blood to leave the left
ventricle?
Mitral
valve
Tricuspid
valve
Pulmonary
valve
Aortic
valve
1 points
QUESTION 20
Further testing reveals that Roberto has hypertrophy of the
left ventricle. How does this finding relate to his diagnosis?
A & P II – Module 2
Quiz
•
Question 1
1 out of
1 points
For the heart to contract effectively, the right side of the heart contracts
while the left side of the heart fills with blood and then the left side
contracts while the right side of the heart fills with
blood?
•
Question 2
1 out of
1 points
What statement is NOT true regarding the circuits of the body and the
heart?
•
Question 3
1 out of
1 points
Which statement is true regarding the
heart?
•
Question 4
1 out of
1 points
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the pathway of blood
through the heart?
•
Question 5
1 out of
1 points
What statement is NOT true regarding the cardiac conduction
system?
•
Question 6
1 out of
1 points
Trabeculae carneae are commonly found in the atria and
ventricles?
•
Question 7
1 out of
1 points
What is true of the chordae
tendineae?
•
Question 8
1 out of
1 points
The normal resting rate of the heart is set by the SA node but the overall
heart rate can be influenced by the sympathetic nervous
system.
•
Question 9
1 out of
1 points
Which statement is NOT true regarding the
heart?
•
Question 10
1 out of
1 points
The pericardium of the heart provides an ability of the heart to contract in a
frictionless surface and consists of one thick connective tissue
layer?
•
Question 11
1 out of
1 points
What statement is NOT true regarding cardiac
tissue?
•
Question 12
1 out of
1 points
The coronary arteries are branches off the pulmonary arteries that supply the
heart the layers of the heart with
blood.
•
Question 13
1 out of
1 points
Which of the following is NOT true regarding the cardiac conduction
system?
•
Question 14
1 out of 1
points
The contraction of the heart follows which
sequence?
•
Question 15
1 out of
1 points
The cardiac conduction system allows for the heart to contract in a very
coordinated mechanism that is dependent upon the AV node to generate the
electrical
impulse.
